Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in males. It starts in the prostate, a small gland about the size of a walnut that is part of the reproductive system. It sits just below the bladder and helps make semen, the fluid that carries sperm.
When cancer grows in the prostate, it usually grows slowly, and many people don’t notice any signs right away. This underlines the importance of knowing signs to watch for. Catching prostate cancer early can make a difference in how it is treated and how well a person recovers.
Urinary Issues
One of the most common early signs of prostate cancer is trouble with urination. Urination is affected because the prostate sits close to the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. If the prostate gets bigger or changes in any way, it can press on the urethra and cause problems.
These urinary symptoms do not always mean cancer. They can be caused by other prostate problems as well, such as an enlarged prostate, also called benign prostatic hypertrophy.
Difficulty Urinating
You may feel the need to urinate but have a hard time getting the stream started. You may also notice that you have to strain to get the urine to come out. Some people feel like they haven’t fully emptied their bladder even immediately after urinating.
Frequent Urination
Needing to urinate more often than usual can be another sign. This urinary frequency can be bothersome as it often occurs at night, while sleeping. Waking up several times a night to use the bathroom could be a sign that your prostate is affecting your bladder.
Weak Urine Stream
Your urine stream might be slower or weaker than normal. It may even stop and start on its own as you attempt to empty your bladder.
Blood in Urine or Semen
Seeing blood in your urine or semen can occur with prostate cancer. Blood may look bright red or brownish in color. Even if you see blood only once, don’t ignore it. Blood can be a sign of prostate cancer or other serious health problems.
Sexual Dysfunction
Some people with prostate cancer may notice changes in their sexual health. One common issue is erectile dysfunction (ED), which is trouble getting or maintaining an erection. Other signs are pain during ejaculation or a decrease in the amount of semen. However, these symptoms might be noticed more after starting treatment for prostate cancer.
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the lower back, hips, or pelvic area might be a sign of prostate cancer. This type of pain usually doesn’t go away and might feel like a dull ache or pressure. It can also cause discomfort when sitting for long periods.
Bone Pain
If prostate cancer metastasizes (spreads outside of the prostate), it will usually spread to the bones. This can cause deep pain in your back, hips, ribs, or legs. The pain may get worse over time or not go away with normal treatment, such as rest or pain medicine. Bone pain can also make it harder to move or walk.
Other Signs: Tests and Screenings
Screening for a disease refers to tests performed on a person with no symptoms of a disease to catch it in its early stages. Guidelines for prostate cancer screening note that people should work with their healthcare provider to consider the benefits of early detection of prostate cancer vs. the risks, such as unnecessary biopsies (removal of tissue to analyze in the lab) and overtreatment.
Men with the following characteristics are considered to be at high risk for prostate cancer:
- Age over 50 years old
- African ancestry
- Having a family member with the disease
- Having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation
Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test
The PSA blood test checks the level of prostate-specific antigen, a protein made by the prostate. This is the first test recommended to screen for prostate cancer. High PSA levels can be a sign of prostate cancer, but they can also mean other prostate issues. If your PSA is high, your healthcare provider may do more tests to determine why.
Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
The PSA is not the only test that screens for prostate cancer; it is used in combination with a digital rectal exam. In a DRE, a healthcare provider gently inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate. They check for lumps, hardness, or changes in size. It might feel a little uncomfortable, but it’s quick and can help detect problems early.
When to See a Healthcare Provider
If you notice any of the warning signs, such as trouble urinating, blood in your urine, or bone pain, contact a healthcare provider. These symptoms don’t always mean that you have cancer, but they should be checked out to be sure. It’s also important to have a discussion with your healthcare provider to learn when prostate cancer screening is appropriate for you.
PEOPLE
